Exploring Challenges in Accessing Primary Healthcare for Pregnant Women in Pakistan: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Maternal and newborn mortality are pressing global health concerns, with the Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 (SDGs) aiming to improve these outcomes however the poor quality of care in health facilities is a significant barrier to utilizing ANC services in Pakistan. Thus, this study aimed to understand the barriers to the underutilization of antenatal care (ANC) services in Tehsil Hazro, Punjab, Pakistan, from the perspective of pregnant women. Method: The study employed four focus group discussions (FGDs) with 36 pregnant women who had attended at least three ANC visits. Data was collected through purposive sampling and analyzed using Nvivo 12, maintaining rigor through Guba and Lincoln's principles. Result: The findings revealed three key themes. First, women often made the decision to seek care with support from their spouse, family, and lady health workers, emphasizing the importance of their decision-making autonomy. Financial constraints did not deter them from accessing healthcare services. Second, delays in reaching healthcare facilities were attributed to long distances, travel time, and associated costs. Additionally, women lacked awareness of danger signs and the importance of timely medical help. Lastly, delays in receiving quality care were linked to the unavailability of healthcare personnel, staff attitudes, insufficient medicines and equipment, and a lack of referral services. Conclusion: In conclusion, this descriptive study underscores the necessity of providing affordable, accessible, and responsive maternal and child healthcare. To address these issues, stakeholders, including policymakers, the Ministry of Health, public health experts, and maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH) providers, must prioritize MNCH initiatives and reforms. Their collaborative efforts are vital for translating MNCH policies into effective community-level strategies.