Associations between Caffeine Intake and the Risk of Mortality in Adults with Prediabetes: Evidence from NHANES 1999-2018

Abstract

Abstract Background Prediabetes is a pre-clinical disease state, in which individuals have a higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and death compared to the general population. Recent studies have shown that consuming caffeine may decrease mortality risk in people with diabetes. However, it is not clear if the same effect exists in individuals with prediabetes. Objectives In this study, we investigated the potential impact of caffeine intake on the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in adults with prediabetes. Methods we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2018, and the vital status of participants was tracked until December 31, 2019 using the National Death Index (NDI). Caffeine intake was measured at baseline via 24-hour dietary recall. Multivariable Cox regression analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to examine the independent relationships among caffeine intake and mortality. Results After approximately 20 years of follow-up, 11,581 adults with prediabetes were included, and there were 1,892 deaths, including 497 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. The results revealed that patients in the highest quintile of caffeine intake had significantly lower hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared to those in the lowest quintile. Specifically, the HR for all-cause mortality was 0.70 (with a 95% CI of 0.58–0.84), and the HR for cardiovascular mortality was 0.68 (with a 95% CI of 0.46–0.99). Conclusions Our findings indicate a positive effect of caffeine intake on reducing the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults with prediabetes.