COVID-19 Reinfection in Healthcare Workers: An Original Comprehensive Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Abstract Background The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has perpetuated the global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the emergence of new cases. Healthcare workers (HCWs), given their heightened exposure to infected individuals, remain particularly susceptible to COVID-19 recurrence. The primary objective of this investigation was to explore the occupational risk factors contributing to COVID-19 recurrence among HCWs. Methods This longitudinal study was carried out in a specialized teaching hospital located in Tehran, Iran, approximately 20 months after the onset of the pandemic. HCWs were administered an online questionnaire specifically tailored to elicit information about their history of COVID-19 infections. Prediction modeling employed the use of generalized estimation equations. Results The study encompassed 601 HCWs, predominantly characterized by their female representation (60.2%), age bracket between 18 and 29 years (47.4%), and a notable absence of preexisting medical conditions or comorbidities (56.2%). This study revealed notable SARS-CoV-2 recurrence among HCWs, with 15% experiencing reinfection. Vaccination status had a significant influence on reinfection rates, precipitating a noteworthy reduction from 9.0% prevaccination to 1.4% post-initial dose and 5.0% following the second dose. In a comparative analysis, nurses exhibited more than a twofold increased risk of recurrence when juxtaposed against physicians and other HCWs. Furthermore, employment within a COVID-19 ward emerged as a substantial risk factor for reinfection. After adjusting for relevant risk factors within our predictive model, only occupation and working in COVID-19 wards emerged as statistically significant predictors in heightening the risk of reinfection. Conclusion This research underscores the escalated susceptibility of nurses, particularly those serving in COVID-19 wards. These findings have critical implications for the implementation of targeted interventions and enhanced infection control measures designed to safeguard HCWs effectively. Subsequent investigations should concentrate on larger prospective studies, delving further into the risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 recurrence, thereby enabling the refinement of preventive strategies for this high-risk demographic.