Abstract
Background
The diagnosis of HFpEF is currently challenging due to the lack of specific biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the distribution characteristics of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors in patients with heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF).
Methods
TMAO, TMA, choline, betaine, and L-carnitine were detected in the plasma of 32 patients with HFpEF, 34 patients with HFrEF and 40 patients without HF.
Results
TMAO and its precursors were found to be elevated both in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (P < 0.05). The ROC analysis revealed that TMAO and its precursors were more sensitive in diagnosing HFpEF than HFrEF (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
TMAO and its precursors are commonly elevated in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF. The ROC analysis suggests that the combination of TMAO with TMA, choline, and L-carnitine has the potential to be used as biomarkers for assisting in the diagnosis of HFpEF.