Abstract
Vertical land motion (VLM) on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is influenced by various geophysical factors, including surface fluid mass variations and tectonic deformation. In this study, we investigate the present-day crustal uplift in the TP using geodetic observations, including Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and precise leveling. A hydrological load deformation model is formulated by integrating the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and Follow-On (GRACE/GFO) satellite gravity with a surface hydrological fusion model. Tectonic-induced VLM is calculated after correcting for surface elastic deformation, geocentric motion (-0.1 to -0.2 mm yr-1) and glacial isostatic adjustment (0.3 to 0.4 mm yr− 1). The comprehensive VLM imaging and dynamic tomography reveal significant crustal uplift in the southern and northeastern TP, with uplift rates up to 2 mm yr-1, primarily attributed to plate compression. The northern and southeastern TP exhibit complex vertical tectonic movements, potentially influenced by block extrusion and mid-lower crustal flow.