Is sun exposure perceived as a health risk by the educated young adults? A cross-sectional study in a high-risk country explores its link to vitamin D

Abstract

Abstract Background: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in sunshine-abundant countries is paradoxical. This necessitates a better understanding of the determinants of sun exposure practices. This study investigates how risk perceptions regarding sun exposure might influence relevant habits among the young adults and whether it might have any link to vitamin D deficiency in the community. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 using a pretested structured questionnaire focusing on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding sunlight and vitamin D among college and university-level students in Bangladesh. A total of 3,812 students from 25 different institutions were enrolled. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the responses. Results: Among the respondents, 52% thought regular sunlight exposure would be harmful to health, and 29% thought the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in Bangladesh was very high. While 79% believed direct sunlight should only be sought ‘sometimes’, 9% thought it should be totally avoided. At least one sun-protection item was used by 72% of respondents, while 52% thought sunscreen should be used always when outdoors. A negative attitude to sunlight was significantly more prevalent among the females (p < 0.01). Knowledge about the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency and its potential health effects was generally very low. Only 12% of the participants correctly identified 10 am to 3 pm as the best time to get vitamin D from sunlight. Only 22% took vitamin D ever, and 7% ever checked their serum levels. Conclusion: This study highlights some crucial determinants of sun exposure practices that can partially explain high vitamin D deficiency in sunshine-abundant regions. Findings and insights from this study could be generalizable for other countries with comparable socio-demographic settings and will facilitate adopting more sustainable policies to address vitamin D deficiency globally.