Revisiting the Watching eyes effect: how emotional expressions, sex, and age of watching eyes influence the extent one would make stereotypical statements

Abstract

Abstract The watching eyes effect influences people to behave more prosocially or less antisocially. It is currently unknown how the eyes themselves induce this effect. To fill this gap, we varied emotional expressions (angry, fear, happy, neutral), age (old, young), and sex (male, female) of the watching eyes to investigate which characteristics influence antisocial behavior. Participants rated the extent to which they would utter 36 stereotypical statements about race, gender, and religion topics. Each statement was presented together with one pair of eyes selected at random. Approval of stereotype statements with neutral eyes did not differ from control flower pictures. However, age, sex, and emotional expressions of the watching eyes influenced the extent to which participants would utter the statements: angry old male eyes increased stereotypical statements, as did happy young eyes (males and females). Fearful eyes decreased the extent to utter stereotypical statements, except for old female eyes. Our data suggest that studies presenting eyes that appear neutral may be a reason why replication of this effect was unsuccessful. Furthermore, the typical stylized eyes used in many watching eyes experiments could be interpreted as angry old male eyes to elicit changes in participants’ behaviors, like making donations or rating scales. We recommend further research to examine how necessary it is to look at the characteristics of watching eyes to better understand the mechanisms underlying this effect. Taken together, our findings show that the watching eyes effect on the extent to utter stereotypical statements may be better replicated with angry old male eyes or young happy eyes.