Prevalence and Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnancy: A Multicentre, Binational Study

Author:

Ubom Akaninyene E.1ORCID,Ohachenu Chidinma P.2ORCID,Suleiman Suraiya A.3ORCID,Usman Safiyya F.4ORCID,Opoku Akwasi B.5ORCID,Ansing Caesar A.6ORCID,Shehu Jamiu S.7ORCID,Oriji Peter C.8ORCID,Okpebri Komommo O.9ORCID,Olutoye Ademola S.10ORCID,Balogun Rasheedat O.10ORCID,Ifebude Joshua E.10ORCID,Obadina Oluwole D.11ORCID,Nyeche Solomon12ORCID,Bunawa Abdurrahman A.13ORCID,Ifeanyi Ukeje J.14ORCID,Mahmud Fatima A.15,Gumbi Hauwa S.15ORCID,Ojugbele Akeem O.15,Areo Olubusayo O.16ORCID,Ogunjide Olakunle E.16ORCID,Mariam Shiru M.16ORCID,Okpighe Ada C.17,Iornengen Chia17,Aqua David M.18ORCID,Abubakar Suleiman Z.19ORCID,Gabriel-Raji Fadekemi O.20ORCID,Gregory Oyiana I.21,Lawal Lukman O.1,Abude Mathias22,Walawah David23,Adelola Aderopo I.24ORCID,Ese Akpofure H.25ORCID,Orijani Jane C.26ORCID,Suobite Ephraim A.8,Afon Olire C.1ORCID,Ekwebalam Obinna P.14,Akanji Baderinwa O.27ORCID,John Emmanuel E.28ORCID,Awowole Ibraheem O.1ORCID,Ijarotimi Omotade A.1ORCID,Thompson Ngozi2ORCID,Ikimalo John I.12ORCID,Fasubaa Olusola B.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Perinatology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana

3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria

4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana

6. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana

7. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Katsina, Nigeria

8. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria

9. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria

10. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria

11. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja, Nigeria

12. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Port Harcourt/University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

13. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

14. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Owerri, Nigeria

15. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria

16. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

17. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prime Medical Consultants, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

18. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria

19. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola, Nigeria

20. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria

21. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

22. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana

23. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana

24. Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

25. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Hospital, Warri, Nigeria

26. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

27. Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

28. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Abstract

Abstract

Background Globally, intimate partners are the most common perpetrators of violence against women. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) contributes significantly to the burden of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Africa, with four of every 10 women in SSA having experienced IPV. When IPV occurs in pregnancy, it is significantly associated with adverse outcomes. This study sought to assess the prevalence, determinants and complications of IPV in pregnancy in Nigeria and Ghana, two SSA countries. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted from February to July 2022, amongst pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in 17 health facilities across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, and three hospitals in three regions in Ghana. The women were screened for IPV using an adaptation of the ‘HARK’ (Humiliation, Afraid, Rape, Kick) questions. Data obtained was analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25. Associations between IPV and sociodemographic characteristics of the women and their spouses/partners were tested using Pearson’s Chi square. Factors found to be statistically significant were subjected to binary logistic regression modelling to determine the predictors of IPV. The level of statistical significance was set at a p-value of < 0.05. Results The prevalence of IPV was 26.2%. Predictors of IPV included the women’s marital status (p = 0.001), educational status (p = 0.040), rural residence (p = 0.034), occupation (p = 0.040), spouse’s/partner’s occupation (p = 0.021), use of illicit drugs by spouse/partner (p = 0.014), history of psychiatric illness in spouse/partner (p = 0.030), experience of IPV in previous relationship(s) by spouse/partner (p = 0.011), and witness of parental IPV by spouse/partner (p < 0.001). The most common complication of IPV in pregnancy were the mental health complications of anxiety (54.7%) and depression (46.9%). Miscarriages (15.6%) and preterm birth (9.5%) were the most common pregnancy complications. Conclusions One in every four pregnant women in Nigeria and Ghana experience IPV, with significant mental health and pregnancy complications. Routine IPV screening in pregnancy and prompt referral of screen-positive women to support services is recommended. Policies and interventions that promote gender equality and women’s economic and educational empowerment are beneficial.

Publisher

Research Square Platform LLC

Reference25 articles.

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2. Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in the Arab world: a systematic review;Elghossain T;BMC Int health Hum rights,2019

3. UN (2018) SDG Indicators Metadata Repository. United Nations Statistics Division, New York

4. WHO, LSHTM (2013) MRC: global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), South African Medical Research Council (MRC), Geneva

5. Determinants of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of prevention and intervention programs;McCloskey LA;Partn abuse,2016

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