Unleashing Nature's Defense: Potent Antimicrobial Power of Mediterranean Ethyl Acetate Extracts against Oral Pathogens and Streptococcus mutans Biofilms

Abstract

Abstract Objectives The increasing demand for alternatives to antibiotics against resistant bacteria has led to research on natural products. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of 16 Mediterranean herb extracts. Materials and Methods The extracts were analyzed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts from Achillea taygetea, Cistus creticus ssp. creticus, Cistus monspeliensis, Lavandula stoechas, Mentha aquatica, Mentha longifolia, Origanum vulgare, Phlomis cretica, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia sclarea, Satureja parnassica, Satureja thymbra, Sideritis euboea, Sideritis syriaca, Stachys spinosa, and Thymus longicaulis were determined against eight oral bacteria and fungus Candida albicans. Microtiter plate test was conducted to evaluate the antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans. Results Overall, all tested extracts efficiently suppressed the growth of obligate anaerobic bacteria. When applied at concentrations ≥ 0.15 mg / ml, the extracts exhibited moderate to high antibiofilm activity comparable to that of chlorhexidine (CHX) against S. mutans. Interestingly, R. officinalis (MIC: 0.01–0.06 mg / ml) and O. vulgare (MIC: 0.04–1.25 mg / ml) demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against oral bacteria. Additionally, R. officinalis and L. stoechas significantly inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation at 0.15 mg / ml. Conclusions The tested plant extracts can be considered as alternative natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. Clinical Relevance: Mediterranean herb extracts show promise as natural alternatives to combat oral bacteria and biofilm formation, offering potential new therapies for infectious oral diseases in the context of antibiotic resistance.