Impact of Prolonged Antibiotic Treatment on Gut and Kidney Microbiota: Insights from a Rat Model

Abstract

Abstract Background Maintaining a harmonious microbiota is fundamental for overall well-being. This study aims to investigate the consequences of one- and two-week antibiotic treatments on gut and kidney microbiota using a rat model and assess structural and physiological changes. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with an antibiotic cocktail for UTIs. Samples of jejunum and kidney tissues were collected for analysis. Bacterial DNA was isolated and sequenced. Histomorphological analysis of the jejunum and kidney tissues was performed. Data on growth and development parameters and kidney function were recorded. Results Differential changes in gut microbiota composition were observed between one-week and two-week antibiotic treatments. Two-week treatment led to reduced bacterial richness and diversity, with a shift from Firmicutes and Bacteroidota to Proteobacteria. Beneficial genera like Akkermansia and Lactobacillus decreased, while potentially harmful genera like Escherichia-Shigella and Corynebacterium increased. Intestinal mucosal damage was evident in both treatment groups. Prolonged antibiotic treatment resulted in reduced body weight, food intake, feces output, and urine output. Kidney function was affected in the two-week treatment group. Conclusions Prolonged antibiotic treatment for UTIs has significant effects on gut microbiota, mucosal integrity, and rat physiology, with potential implications for overall health. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the duration of antibiotic therapy and the need for tailored treatment regimens that minimize gut microbiota disruption.