Urgent Needs for Second Life Using and Recycling Design of Wasted E-car Lithium-ion Battery: A Scientometric Analysis

Abstract

Abstract By 2030, 12–13 million tons of used electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) will reach the end of their service life, after 1st life cycle of these batteries still 60–70% of their energy storage capacity and can be first is reused for “2nd life” purpose (SLB) up to 5 to 10 years as stationary instruments before sending to recycling and extracting of valuable contents in the end-life processes (ELB). This research used bibliometrics analysis, combine with social and S-curve analysis to quantitatively analyze 4,810 SCI and SSCI databases articles from 2001 to 2021 related to SLBs and ELBs of used EVBs. Results reveal that: (1) In last 20 years publications on SLBs and recycling have been continually increasing. (2) China had highest 645 publications, secondly Germany with 635 publications, and U.S.A at thirdly with 634 publications. Several countries are providing facilities and finding ways to commercialize SLBs after 1st used. Our assessment on application of SLBs in stationary purposes the storage of solar and wind energy are promising systems, (3) keywords and S-Curve analysis for ELB articles illustrate that hydrometallurgy and biometallurgical were the top recycling technologies and attached with great potential soon. According to the EU commission and release battery directive, hydrometallurgical is the powerful and best recycling method. Finally, we provide comprehensive assessment of both SLBs and ELBs such as economic and environmental benefits, commercial and domestic applications, recycling steps, and low GHGs (i.e., greenhouse gas) emission. Our analyses and information will benefit for decision makers and researchers for present and future opportunities in this field.