Population Genetic Structure of Phaedranassa Cinerea Ravenna (Amaryllidaceae) and Conservation Implications

Abstract

Background Andean orogeny has shaped the endemism of plant species in montane forests, creating a mosaic of habitats in small and isolated areas. Understanding these endemic species' genetic diversity patterns is crucial for their conservation. Phaedranassa cinerea (Amaryllidaceae), a species restricted to the western Andes of Ecuador, is listed as “vulnerable” according to the IUCN criteria. This study aimed to analyze the genetic structure of P. cinerea to propose conservation measures. Results Using 13 microsatellites and a Bayesian approach, we analyzed the genetic differentiation of P. cinerea, evidence of bottlenecks, and possible diversification scenarios. Our results indicate that the genetic diversity of P. cinerea is greater than that of congeneric species. The Bayesian analysis identified two genetic groups, with no evidence of isolation by distance. Populations in the northwest of the Ecuadorean Andes have less allele richness compared to those in the southwest. Additionally, the species exhibits excess homozygosity and evidence of bottlenecks. Our Bayesian analysis suggests that the differentiation between populations was not older than 5000 years and was as recent as 600 years ago for some of the populations. Based on the geographic distribution of the known populations, the species should be listed as endangered instead of vulnerable to extinction. Conclusions The findings suggest that conservation efforts should focus on securing genetic exchange between populations to preserve the genetic diversity of P. cinerea.