Evidence for a Two Component Cognitive Structure in Pigeons (Columba livia)

Abstract

Abstract A well replicated result in humans is that performance, whether good or bad, is consistent across a wide variety of cognitive tasks. Factor analysis consistently extracts one factor that can account for approximately half of the variance in performance. This factor is termed g and almost all cognitive tasks positively load onto this factor. While some neurobiological correlates of g have been identified in humans, causal experiments are only feasible in animals. When mice and some avian species are assessed with cognitive test batteries, performance positively correlates, and the first component extracted has similar properties to g. There are some limitations to the species tested thus far, including comparability in the cognitive domains assessed across species and homogeneous samples. The pigeon is an ideal subject to overcome these issues since pigeons, humans, and other primates are frequently given similar tasks and many neural correlates of performance have been identified in the pigeon. We created a test battery that assessed different domains, including associative learning, memory, cognitive flexibility, and reaction time. Yet we did not consistently extract a g like factor. Analyses indicated a two-component structure with differential task loadings. Possible interpretations of the components are associative learning/memorization versus a general rule, degree of automaticity, and sensitivity to age related decline. Reasons and implications for this two-component structure are discussed.