Contemporary approach to osteosarcopenia

Abstract

Introduction. The elderly are at high risk of developing osteosarcopenia, which is characterized by the coexistence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. There are many factors that affect the interaction between bones and muscles: genetics, hormones, nervous system, aging, cardiac rhythm, nutrition. Pathophysiology of osteosarcopenia. Risk factors include: age of 50 years and over, sex, Caucasian race, genetic predisposition, short stature, malnutrition, physical inactivity, amenorrhea, late menarche, early menopause, estrogen and androgen deficiency, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, calcium deficiency in the diet, use of some drugs. Complications of osteosarcopenia include frequent bone fractures, physical disability, and mortality in the elderly population. Diagnostics. The gold standard is magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography to assess muscle tissue. Bioelectric impedance analyzes the composition of the body, based on the speed at which electricity moves through tissues. Drug treatment of osteosarcopenia. Modern treatment of osteosarcopenia includes application of bisphosphonates, selective estrogen-receptor modulators, monoclonal antibodies, hormonal therapy, estrogens, and supplementation with calcium preparations and vitamin D. Prevention. Lifestyle changes and non-pharmacological measures are most important for healthy bones and muscles. Physical activity, nutrition rich in calcium and vitamin D, smoking and alcohol consumption are of crucial importance for people of all ages, especially for the elderly. The therapy should be reevaluated at least annually, and the quality of life should be assessed.