Adequate calcium nutrition and quality of egg shell and bones in layers: Innovative approach

Abstract

Calcium metabolism (Ca) in layers depends on many factors which can be divided into factors influencing the intake, absorption, retention and/or excretion of Ca. Varying of any of above mentioned factors presented and reviewed in this study, exhibit their impact on quality of bones in layers and egg shell quality. For the purpose of maintaining of the egg quality and quality of layer hens? bones, the influence of mentioned factors on production should be taken into consideration in the practice, and on that basis not only the proper diet Ca level determined, but also adequate source and size of Ca particles, as well as mutual balance with other nutrients in the diet, primarily phosphorus, vitamin D and some micro elements. Recent studies have the direction of finding the more complex approach to solving of the issues of egg shell quality, also bone quality and ensuring adequate nutrition for modern layer hybrids.