Process parameters optimization of water-waste derived biodiesel emulsion to permute as a sustainable and greener energy source

Abstract

The present study aims to optimize the process parameters to formulate a stable water-biodiesel emulsion fuel and permute it as a sustainable and greener source for biofuel application. Biodiesel is derived from waste orange peels and its chemical constituents are characterized. Water emulsion in base fuel is considered to promote energy-and-environmental impacts. As the quality of emulsion fuel depends on the physicochemical properties which are directly influenced by base fuel, water, and surfactant concentrations, a multi-response optimizationol is implemented to derive the optimum levels for process parameters. The optimization result shows that the base diesel blended with 30% orange peel oil, 10% water, and 1% surfactant promotes superior fuel quality, and the water has a maximum influence on fuel quality (54.41%). The emission assessment at peak brake mean-effective indicates that the hydrocarbon, CO, NOx, and smoke emissions are reduced by 26.9%, 49%, 4.1%, and 17.2% at optimal conditions compared to base diesel, respectively.