Affiliation:
1. Faculty of Agriculture, Osijek, Republic of Croatia
2. Croatia Agriculture Chamber, Osijek, Republic of Croatia
Abstract
Farm breeding of cattle is organized so that the animals are kept in a
controlled environment (an closed corner, feeding time, milking time,
workers), where daily animal encounter with familiar sounds, smells,
movements and equipment. Any positive or negative change of environment
causes certain physiological reactions of cattle on it. Negative stimuli
(relocation, new technological activities, unidentified sounds and people)
disrupt the homeostasis of the animals and lead them into a state of stress.
During stress in cattle appears central inhibition of milk ejection from the
alveoli of the udder, causing its incomplete emptying which could lead to
pathological changes. In stressful situation, there is a connection between
nervous (SA system), endocrine (HPA-axis) and the immune system. Stimuli from
the outside were obtained through sight, hearing, smell and touch, leading to
nerve impulses which then activate the endocrine system (increased levels of
cortisol, ?-endorphin, adrenaline, and reducing levels of oxytocin in the
blood), whose actions over a long time lead to decline in immune response and
susceptibility to disease. Many studies suggest an association between
central inhibition of milk ejection and stressful situations (first milking
of primiparious cattle, environment changes), but the very principle of
inhibition is not fully understood. Some studies indicate an association
between endogenous opioids (?-endorphin) and catecholamines (adrenalin) in
the central inhibition of milk ejection, however, there is still no clear
evidence and there is still plenty to do in this area.
Publisher
National Library of Serbia
Cited by
7 articles.
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