Some problems in performing observations in the social sciences: Going to the field, sampling, issues in observation procedures, ethical issues and personal equation of the observer

Abstract

The paper discusses the problems of going to the field, sampling, some issues in observation procedures, ethical issues and personal equation of the observer. Problems related to the choice of some of the different possible roles of observers, like noting and recording their observations and comments, as well as classifying and processing of data and analysis of results, are omitted due to space limitations. In this paper, one strongly advocates the need to apply observation as an integrated process, with all its various forms arising within psychology, sociology, anthropology and ethology. Widespread division into participatory qualitative and quantitative systematic or structured observation to a large extent is challenged. The author tries to argue that the presentation of observations shows that emphasizing the difference between the above-mentioned methods of observation are largely due to the influence and interests which come from the wider social environment.