Osteogenic effect of inflammatory macrophages loaded onto mineral bone substitute in subcutaneous implants

Abstract

We analyzed the influence of inflammatory macrophages on the osteogenic process in subcutaneous implants composed of mineral bone substitute. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (TEPMs) were characterized as inflammatory. This was confirmed microscopically by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and the production of tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?). The implants (M-type) were made of mineral bone substitute (Bio-Oss?) mixed with TEPMs and blood clot. Implants without macrophages served as the control (C-type). Subcutaneous implantation in the interscapular area was performed on BALB/c mice. Implants were extracted after 2 and 8 weeks. In M-type implants, phagocytosis and angiogenesis were more pronounced, and osteoblast-like cells aligned onto granules of implanted material and osteoid structures can be seen. The observed higher osteocalcin and lower osteopontin immunoexpression in M-type implants when compared to the control after 8 weeks suggest a more advanced osteogenic process. Our results indicate that the presence of inflammatory macrophages in the composition of an implant may have a beneficial effect on the osteogenic process.