The Accuracy and Safety of a Pedicle Screw Using the Freehand Technique in Minimally Invasive Scoliosis Surgery

Abstract

Objective: The safety and clinical usefulness of minimally invasive scoliosis surgery (MISS) has been reported in various studies. However, freehand pedicle screwing in MISS remains technically challenging. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and safety of pedicle screw placement using the freehand technique in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients treated with MISS compared to conventional open scoliosis surgery (COSS).Methods: We included 76 patients who underwent deformity correction for AIS. Computed tomography scans were used to assess screw violations divided into 2 groups according to the surgical technique: MISS or COSS. Anterior violations were classified into grade 0, 1 (no contact with internal organs), and 2 (contact with internal organs). Medial and lateral violations were classified into grade 0, 1 ( < 2 mm), and 3 ( ≥ 2 mm). grade 2 were considered critical violations.Results: A total of 630 and 1,174 pedicle screws were inserted in the MISS and COSS groups, respectively. The overall critical violation rates of the MISS and COSS groups were 16.8% (106 screws) and 14.0% (165 screws) (p = 0.116). Medial critical violations on the left side in the middle thoracic region frequently occurred in the MISS group compared to the COSS group (p = 0.003). There were no statistical differences in the complications.Conclusion: Pedicle screw placement using the freehand technique in MISS for AIS patients provided similar accuracy and safety compared to COSS. Pedicle screws inserted on the left side of the middle thoracic region, exhibited more medial critical violations in the MISS group.