The Psychosocial Effects of Cleft Lip and Palate in Non-Anglo Populations: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Objective A meta-analytic study was conducted to examine the cross-cultural psychosocial impact of cleft lip and/or palate in non-Anglo populations. Design A total of 333 citations were initially identified for review using electronic and hand-search strategies. Of the six studies that met inclusion criteria, two were later excluded due to insufficient data. The four remaining studies represented a combined sample size of 2276 adolescents and adults with cleft lip and/or palate from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Norway. Main outcome Measures Effect size using Cohen's d and confidence intervals were estimated using data from four studies of empirical, controlled study designs. Results The magnitude of effect sizes indicated that men ( d = −0.75) with cleft lip and/or palate in non-Anglo cultures are more prone to psychosocial issues than women ( d = −0.33). Adults ( d = −0.50) are more impacted than adolescents ( d = −0.04). Overall, regardless of age, gender, or culture, individuals with cleft lip and/or palate have lower psychosocial development than individuals without cleft lip and/or palate ( d = −0.42). Conclusion The effects for the cross-cultural comparisons were moderated by the age group and gender of the participants; however, most studies resulted in negative effect sizes. Health care teams for cleft lip and/or palate should recognize the importance of psychological intervention and family support in the treatment of all patients with cleft lip and/or palate throughout the life span.