1. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Craniofacial Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
2. Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
3. Pittsburgh Cleft–Craniofacial Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
4. Surgery and Pediatrics, Chief, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, and Director, Pittsburgh Cleft–Craniofacial Center Program, Pittsburgh, Pennslyvania, and Plastic Surgery Residency, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
5. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York.
6. Departments of Anthropology and Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
7. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Oral Biology, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
8. Departments of Anthropology, Surgery–Division of Plastic Surgery, and Orthodontics.