Psychosocial Functioning in Children with and without Orofacial Clefts and Their Parents

Abstract

Objective To determine whether psychosocial functioning in children with orofacial clefts and their parents differs from that in unaffected controls. Design The study used a nonrandomized, case-control design. Participants Outcomes were evaluated in 93 cases with orofacial clefts and 124 controls, aged 5 to 9 years, who were part of the Massachusetts Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention registry. Main Outcome Measures Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, the PedsQL 4.0, the Social Competence Scale, and the Parenting Stress Inventory. Results Group differences were negligible for all measures, and findings changed little with the application of inverse probability weighting to adjust for response bias. Stratified analyses revealed differences according to both sex and age, with worse outcomes observed in male cases and cases aged 7 to 9 years. Conclusions In contrast to previous studies, we found minimal differences in psychosocial functioning among children with orofacial clefts and their parents compared with unaffected controls. This may reflect ascertainment factors, and psychosocial differences may be less apparent in population-based versus clinic-based samples. Alternatively, social-emotional deficits may become apparent in older school-aged children, making the preschool and early elementary school years an optimal time for preventive interventions.