1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin-Kebbi, Kalgo, Kebbi, Nigeria.
2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
3. Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
4. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda.