IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROTECTION CONVENTION (IPPC) IN THE REGULATION OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES (SPS AGREEMENT) IN THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO): NOTES TO INDONESIA

Abstract

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRA</em></strong><strong><em>CT</em></strong><em></em></p><p><em>World Trade Organization (WTO) </em><em>is an </em><em>international organization </em><em>which has an important role in ensuring</em><em> </em><em>that the flow of </em><em>global</em><em> trade can run with as few barriers as possible</em><em>. However, according to</em><em> Article </em><em>XX (b) </em><em>of </em><em>GATT, </em><em>the </em><em>WTO</em><em> members may apply trade measures </em><em>in order </em><em>to protect</em><em> </em><em>human</em><em>, </em><em>animal </em><em>or </em><em>plant<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">s</span> life or health</em><em>. </em><em>Agreement on the Application of </em><em>Sanitar</em><em>y </em><em>and </em><em>Phy</em><em>tosanitar</em><em>y</em><em> </em><em>Measures </em><em>(SPS</em><em> Agreement</em><em>) </em><em>is an elaboration of the provision of Article </em><em>XX (b) </em><em>of </em><em>GATT. According to </em><em>the</em><em> SPS</em><em>A</em><em> greement, </em><em>the </em><em>WTO </em><em>members have the right to apply measures necessary to protect </em><em>human, animal or plant</em><em> life or health</em><em>, </em><em>based on sufficient scientific principles</em><em> and scientific evidence</em><em>s</em><em>, </em><em>as well as not constituting arbitrary </em><em>dis</em><em>c</em><em>rimina</em><em>tion</em><em> or </em><em>a disguised restriction on </em><em>international trade. Fulfilment of</em><em> the </em><em>scientific and technical needs </em><em>in the application of the</em><em> SPS </em><em>A</em><em>greement, </em><em>the</em><em> SPS </em><em>A</em><em>greement </em><em>refers to </em><em>International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) </em><em>as the relevant </em><em>international organization </em><em>for promoting the </em><em>harmoni</em><em>z</em><em>a</em><em>t</em><em>i</em><em>on of</em><em> phytosanitary </em><em>measures based on </em><em>international standard</em><em>s</em><em> </em><em>adopted by </em><em>IPPC.</em><em> This article discusses the application of the </em><em>SPS </em><em>A</em><em>greement and IPPC </em><em>in three </em><em>WTO</em><em> cases</em><em>, </em><em>i.e. </em><em>Japan – Agricultural Products II (2001), Japan – Apples (2005) and Australia – Apples (2011</em>).</p><strong><em>Key Word: WTO, international trade, SPS, IPPC</em></strong>