Splint therapy as a separate approach in the complex treatment of tem-poromandibular joint dysfunction from the point of view of physiological concepts

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Among the adult socially active population, one of the most common pathologies of the maxillary system is musculoskeletal dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). One of the modern methods of correction and treatment of TMJ dysfunction is splint therapy, which involves the use of splints and permits to consistently and selectively act on a particular level of disorders: occlusive, muscular, articular. This ultimately forms a new myostatic reflex of holding the jaw, builds physiological biomechanics and neuromuscular activity of the speech apparatus and the stomatognathic system as a whole. AIM: To prove the positive effectiveness of the use of splint therapy from the point of view of physiological concepts in optimizing the neuro- and myofunctional state of the stomatognathic system with an analysis of the effectiveness of the mode of using occlusal splints in patients with TMJ dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The treatment was carried out in 34 patients with diagnosed TMJ dysfunction at the age from 17 to 40 years. For the treatment of patients, a relaxing therapeutic and diagnostic articular splint was used. The patients were divided into 2 groups of 17 people each: for the first group of patients, a round-the-clock mode of wearing a splint was set, for the second group, a 16-hour mode was set. The total observation period was 6 months. The criteria for achieving therapeutic goals were considered: absence/reduction of pain in the TMJ and orofacial pain, absence of pain on palpation of the masticatory muscles and in the TMJ, stable position of the lower jaw in the central occlusion, stability and uniformity of movements of the lower jaw at various functional positions, comfort when chewing and at rest, absence/reduction of hypertonicity of the masticatory muscles. RESULTS: The treatment results were evaluated 3 and 6 months after the primary stabilization of the mandible position. At the same time, among the patients of the first group, primary stabilization was achieved on average at the third visit (after 1.5 months from the start of splint therapy), in the second group of patients only at the fourth or fifth visit (after 2–2.5 months). Three months later, all patients of the first group and 8 patients from the second group noted a decrease in pain and orofacial pain, as well as the absence of pain on palpation of muscles and TMJ. Chewing discomfort was observed in 4 patients from the first group and 7 from the second. According to the results after 6 months, all patients were satisfied according to all criteria, all established objective criteria for treatment goals were achieved. CONCLUSIONS: With the correct selection of patients with symptoms indicative of muscle or occlusive dysfunction, splint therapy shows itself as an effective method that allows, with a full understanding of the biomechanics and functional physiology of the occlusal-muscular-articular complex, to effectively correct the neuromuscular state of the stomatognathic system towards it full balance.