1. John Eldridge, Jane's Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defence 2006/2007 , 19th ed. (2006), pp. 3, 25; E. J. Hogendoorn, "A Chemical Weapons Atlas," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , September/October 1997, pp. 35-39.
2. All have appeared on lists of probable chemical weapon states. Javes Ali et al., Jane's Chemical-Biological Defense Guidebook (1999), p. 398; For more recent assessments see Jane's Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defence , p. 6 (Egypt), p. 20 (Israel), pp. 22-23 (North Korea), and p. 33 (Syria); Crisis Group Asia Report, North Korea's Chemical and Biological Weapons Programs , no. 167 (June 18, 2009), p. 21.
3. William Claiborne, "Egypt's Army Experienced in Waging Chemical Warfare," Washington Post , August 17, 1990. For a survey regarding the use of phosgene and mustard agents see Andrew Terrill, "The Chemical Warfare Legacy of the Yemen War," Comparative Strategy , vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 109-119 (1991).
4. Mohamed Heikal, Illusions of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War (London: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 91.
5. For U.S. views see House Armed Services Committee, "Statement on Intelligence Issues before the Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee," March 7, 1991, p. 107. For independent experts' assessments see Hogendoorn, "A Chemical Weapons Atlas," p. 37; Jane's Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defence , p. 6.