1. a VDO North America L.L.C. , 789 Chicago Road, Troy, MI, 48083, U.S.A.
2. b Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Akron , Akron, OH, 44325-3905, U.S.A.
3. c Department of Physics , The University of Akron , Akron, OH, 44325-4001, U.S.A.