1. Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada.
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Carleton University, 1125-3432 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
3. Université Paris Est, Laboratoire Exploitation, Perception, Simulateurs et Simulations, Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, 58 Boulevard Lefèbvre, F-75732 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
4. Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.