Review of lithium-ion, fuel cell, sodium-beta, nickel-based and metal-air battery technologies used in electric vehicles

Abstract

Interest in electric vehicles (EV) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) is increasing day by day. These vehicles have many advantages as they operate more efficiently and do not cause noise or environmental pollution compared with conventional vehicles. However, it has some disadvantages. For some, it is the most important trust issue. An important criterion is that the daily vehicle cannot go to a sufficient range. Therefore, vehicle designs and applications continue to be made with high energy and power distribution, low performance, and high efficiency ESSs using two or more energy storage systems (ESS). In addition, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in EVs and HEVs. Although they have high power and energy estimations, their high duration, short freezing life or service life, and insufficient efficiency are the guides for executing different alternative solutions. The aim of this article is to create a different perspective by including unusual battery types and fuel consumption technology known as clean energy sources. The Zero Emlu Battery Research (ZEBRA) battery, which is seen as a future technology in EVs and HEVs in this article, features such as the operating principle of the nickel-based battery structure (Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Iron, Nickel-Zinc), operating temperature ranges, cycle lifetimes, and service lives. In addition to the lithium-air battery, which is a metal-air battery technology and is seen as a source of hope with its high energy densities in the future, it is also included. Comparisons between these batteries were made, and their applicability in HEVs and EVs was examined.