A self‐supervised causal feature reinforcement learning method for non‐invasive hemoglobin prediction

Abstract

AbstractAnemia (hemoglobin (Hb) < 12.0 g/dL) is significantly correlated with many diseases. An invasive technique is the peripheral blood Hb detection method, which is used to examine red and white blood cells and platelets in clinical laboratory settings. However, non‐invasive methods for measuring Hb mainly include low‐precision prediction based on eye images and complex operation prediction based on fundus images. Moreover, these types of anemia testing techniques are time‐consuming, tedious, or prone to errors. Thus, developing a convenient and high‐precision method is vital for predicting Hb concentration. This study proposes self‐supervised causal features using actor‐critical reinforcement learning to improve the model prediction performance. Two networks are proposed: Actor Predictor and Hemoglobin Predictor to predict Hb concentration. Moreover, the model performance is evaluated using different techniques, namely, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Square Error (MSE), via real eye image data and a smartphone. This model achieved 1.19(1.01,1.38) on the MAE and 2.25(1.59,2.90) on the MSE, which outperformed previous eye images' Hb prediction methods and was nearly similar to the fundus images' Hb prediction methods. The inference time was less than 0.05 s, making it efficient and accurate for predicting Hb. This model can be used for mobile deployment and health self‐screening.