1. Dr. Bayer is a professor at the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. Dr. Oppenheimer is a professor in the Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences at Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, and an associate professor of clinical public health in the Department of Sociomedical Sciences at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York.