1. From the Center for Health Policy–Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine (D.C.C., D.M.S.), and Stanford Law School (D.M.S.), Stanford, the Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto (D.C.C.), and the Department of Economics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.H.) — all in California.