Preparation and Characterization of Demineralised Bone Matrix from Fish Waste

Abstract

Due to its osteoinductive and osteoconductive qualities, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a desirable biomaterial frequently utilised in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As a sustainable alternative to conventional sources like mammalian bones, we set out to create and characterise DBM made from fish waste, primarily fish bones. Several methodologies were used to thoroughly characterise the generated DBM. The chemical composition was examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which also served to confirm the removal of mineral components. In order to analyse the DBM's microstructure and surface morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. According to FTIR measurement, the DBM showed a considerable decrease in mineral content, demonstrating successful demineralization. A porous structure with linked pores was visible in SEM images, allowing for nutrition diffusion and cell penetration. Additionally, the DBM's biological characteristics were assessed. Studies using in vitro cell cultures showed that the DBM might help human mesenchymal stem cells adhere, proliferate, and differentiate into osteogenic cells. Through in vivo animal studies, the osteoinductive ability of the DBM was evaluated. The implanted DBM stimulated new bone production in a rat calvarial deficiency model. As a result of our study's successful preparation and characterisation of DBM from fish waste, we now have a reliable and affordable supply for this important biomaterial. Positive characteristics of the demineralized fish bone matrix included reduced mineral content, porosity structure, and osteoinductive capability. These results demonstrate the possibility of DBM generated from fish waste as a promising substitute for bone regeneration applications.