Expressions of CD80 and CD86 in Cancer Patients and Its Prognostic Significance

Abstract

Background: Strategies for modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) have opened up new treatment paths in various malignancies, with dramatic but variable intertemporal success. Consequently, studying TME's molecular players may aid in understanding how tumor cells and TME interact. Tumor cells and infiltrative tumor lymphocytes express immune checkpoint proteins, including Cluster of Differentiation 80 (CD80) and CD86 on their surface. CD80 and CD86 are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). The costimulatory protein CD28, which is present on the outermost portion of all T cells, and the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, also known as CD152) are ligands for CD86 and CD80. CD28 and CTLA-4 have essential yet opposing functions in T cell activation. T-cell responses are stimulated when they bind to CD28 but suppressed when they connect to CTLA-4. Aim of the study: The goal was to determine how much the CD80 and CD86 genes were expressed genetically in five blood malignancies and ten solid tumors. Methods: Clinical specimens were collected from patients with different cancers attending Kirkuk Oncology Centre. Patients were categorized into two main groups: the solid tumor group and Blood derived cancer group alongside their control counterparts. The study investigated the genetic expression of the CD80 and CD86 genes using q RT-PCR technologies. Results: Using q RT- PCR, we measured the expression of a gene CD80 /CD86. The results showed different levels of elevation in patient samples of solid and hematological tumors, which were compared with the control group for this study. First, evaluation of this marker CD80/CD86 in solid tumors showed a significant increase in patients with brain cancer compared to their counterparts in the control group. Secondly, the second solid tumor appears to have increased gene expression as ovarian cancer. The least expressed solid tumors are breast cancer. As for cancers that occur in the Blood, lymphoma has an upregulation expression. The lowest expression is CD80/CD86, which was in ALL. Conclusion: There is evidence that several cancer types and immune cells have expressed CD80 and CD86. This investigation demonstrated that the cell surface markers CD80/CD86 have a role in the progression of brain carcinomas.