1. A pioneering general study is
Payer L.
,
Medicine and Culture
(
London
:
Gollancz
,
1990
),
which compares the practice of medicine in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The numbers of prescriptions per consultation are from the Belgian organization Pharmaca, as reported in
Scrip
1557 (10 December 1990)
:
7
.
2. For a fuller account of controls over pharmaceutical expenditure within the European Community, see
Burstall M.L.
,
1992 and the Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry
(
London
:
Institute of Economic Affairs
,
1990
),
27
-
32
.
3. The costs of fragmentation are analyzed in
Burstall M.L.
,
Reuben B.G.
,
The Cost of Fragmentation in the European Community's Pharmaceutical Industry and Market
(
Brussels
:
European Commission
,
1988
),
93
-
127
.