1. The smearing estimate is [exp(X 0 β) x n −1 ∑ [exp(e i )]] where X 0 β is the predicted values from an OLS regression of log dollars consumed and e i is the residuals from that regression. This is the same two-stage smearing estimation method used in W.G. Manning et al. “Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment,” American Economic Review 77 , no. 3 ( 1987 ): 251 –277.
2. The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization
3. Prevalence and Distribution of Major Depressive Disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites
4. See C.C. Havighurst and B.D. Richman, “Distributive Injustice(s) in American Health Care,” Law and Contemporary Problems 69 , no. 4 ( 2006 ): 7 –82.
5. See M.V. Pauly , “The Tax Subsidy to Employment-Based Health Insurance and the Distribution of Well-Being,” Law and Contemporary Problems 69 , no. 4 ( 2006 ): 83 –101.