1. Pharmacy benefit management, cost-effectiveness analysis and drug formulary decisions
2. In the thirty-eight states where substitution is permitted, pharmacists may substitute generic for brand-name versions if not instructed otherwise by the physician or patient. In Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and West Virginia, substitution of a generic for a brand is mandatory, unless a physician indicates a “dispense as written” order or its equivalent. Only one state (Oklahoma) has neither permissive nor mandatory substitution laws; the variable was coded as missing for this state. See National Association of Boards of Pharmacy,2001–2002 Survey of Pharmacy Law(Park Ridge, Ill.: NABP, 2002 ), 52 –53.
3. Longer Patents for Increased Generic Competition in the US
4. Employer Drug Benefit Plans and Spending on Prescription Drugs
5. Employer Drug Benefit Plans and Spending on Prescription Drugs