1. Jishnu Das () is an economist with the Human Development and Public Services Group in the Development Research Group of the World Bank in Washington, D.C. Paul Gertler is the Li Ka Shing Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Haas School of Business and the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, and is the director of the Graduate Program in Health Management. He completed this work while he was chief economist for Human Development at the World Bank, in Washington, D.C.