1. What else should he do? How can society blame him when it places him in a position in which he almost of necessity becomes a drunkard...?" (Engels 1845, p. ) Access to alcohol, notably aguardente (also known as cacha�a), a high-alcohol content drink 25 , was easy in a country where sugarcane was a fundamental part of the economy. Enslaved individuals could consume part of the drink produced in the sugar mills, they could make their own drink 26 , and those who lived off their earnings in the cities could buy it in taverns and bars with what was left after paying their masters' wages. In 1828, during a debate in parliament about a change in beverage taxation, deputy Lino Coutinho stated: "the people and slavery have a strong tendency towards spirituous beverages;Friedrich Engels;The Condition of the Working Class in England,1825
2. Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth;D Acemoglu;28 de outubro de 1825,2005
3. As condi��es f�sicas e de sa�de dos escravos fugitivos anunciados no Jornal do Commercio (RJ) em 1850;M Amantino;Hist�ria, Ci�ncias, Sa�de-Manguinhos,2007