1. The consequence of the sanctionative nature of measures imposed by competition authorities for punishing cartel offences -in particular fines -is that the area is at least akin to criminal law.'; Joined Opinions of Mr;Advocate General Vesterdorf,2009
2. referring to the 'substance of the [competition] cases, which all broadly exhibit the characteristics of a criminal law case'. See also, noting the punitive and quasi-criminal nature of the penalties involved;Ecr Ii-867;Loyola Consumer Law Review,2009
3. Soft Cooperation, or the Coordination of Antitrust Investigations