1. CDs feature amino-rich and conjugated carbonyl-rich surfaces, respectively. The presence of these predominant functional groups is a crucial factor that empowers both N,S-CDs and N,Cl-CDs with the capability to detect DA, a feature absent in pristine CDs. Furthermore, N,S-CDs and N,Cl-CDs exhibit opposite fluorescence changes-brightening and quenching-after interaction with DA. Regarding selectivity and sensitivity, N,S-CDs demonstrate better selectivity than N,Cl-CDs. While N,S-CDs induce fluorescence changes exclusively in the presence of DA, N,Cl-CDs exhibit quenching not only with DA but also with Ag + . However, there are enough observations to differentiate whether Ag + is the primary causative factor. The noticeable color change from clear yellow to gray, indicative of AgNP formation, supports this determination. Furthermore, the LOD value of N,Cl-CDs is significantly lower than that of N,S-CDs (0.1212 ?M and 33.05 ?M). Eventually, it is essential to note that this detectability is limited to liquid-based sensing;N;Credit author statement Sasimaporn Treepet: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing -original draft
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