1. MARCUS, Abraham, The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989) 418 PP
2. The disorganized nature of the "Islamic city" is evident, says Stern, in the tortuous streets of the oldest major centers. Some of these streets had started out straight before the advent of Islam. Under Islamic rule;; S M Goitein;notes that in twelfth century Cairo some Jewish foundations were called waqfs. Aapeli Saarisalo, A Waqf Document from Sinai (Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica, 1933), discusses a waqf established in 1580 for the benefit of 134,1970
3. Legal Institutions;Muddathir Abdel-Rahim;The officials to which Abdel-Rahim refers include governors, judges, police, market supervisors, and heads of guilds,1980