1. Commission communication;Clean Energy For All Europeans, COM.2016.860 final 29 Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament and the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market for electricity and amending Directive,2012
2. Upon receiving a scarcity message, in particular a very high day-ahead price at a specified hour, they can decrease their consumption at that hour by disconnecting specific appliances, or use distributed generation equipment and/or rely on storage capabilities. To incentivise demand response, energy prices should vary between peak and off-peak periods according to supply and demand ('dynamic pricing');CERRE Report,2009
3. For the development of energy consumer rights see Cseres;European Journal of Risk Regulation,2018