1. nursing schools and black women were denied admission entirely to southern nursing schools. 124 Even in the early 20th century, most state nursing organizations denied membership to black nurses, 125 and many states prevented black nurses from taking the examination to become registered nurses. 126 Agencies that employed both black and white nurses often paid black nurses considerably less than white nurses. 127 By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the civil rights movement saw the emergence of the National Black Nurses Association. It was formed to address issues of racial discrimination in the nursing profession and currently represents over 200;long history of systemic racism, 123 dating back to the late 19th century when racial quotas were present in northern U.S
2. )30131-5/pdf;Smiley;approximately 90% of registered nurses in the U.S. are female, and over 30% of the worker population identify as minority populations. Registered Nurses, DATA USA,2018
3. Exploring Race in Nursing: Teaching Nursing Students About Racial Inequality Using the Historical Lens;Carole See Generally;24 OJIN: THE ONLINE JOURNAL OF ISSUES IN NURSING,2019
4. Racism against black nurses is a historic problem that still exists today;Mary Caldwell & Fiza;THE ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION,2020