1. The results confirmed that the model accurately predicts the decomposition kinetics of Co 3 O 4 across a range of temperatures from 825 to 900�C, O 2 partial pressures from 0 to 21vol%, and particle sizes from 180 to 2500 ?m. The significance of the chemical reaction, internal and external gas diffusion, and interphase gas diffusion in the overall kinetics were discussed, providing insights into the system's behavior under varying conditions;CRediT authorship contribution statement Lei Liu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition. Kexin Li: Data curation
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