1. So, the tax-terms were closely related to the metrological modes of tax measurements in the ancient world. Now, as discussed above, "gu�j?"/'ratii' seeds have played a crucially important role in the weight and coinage systems of ancient India. Since the 'gu�j?' seeds were the basis of most of the IVC's weight systems, it seems logical that the symbol of "gu�j?" seeds can be a symbol of weight-standard (cf. 'dro?a'), and can be used as a metonym for some taxcollection entity. That or sometimes occurred in terminal positions like metrology and tax-type related PF1-signs ( CISI#Nd-1, CISI#Ns-53, CISI#Ns-57, CISI#M-1095, in 29 tablets of Harappa), already proves their polyvalent use as tax/license types. Thus, the way in ancient India a revenue-collection-centre was named "dro?amukha", based on the volumetric measure 'dro?a', a revenue-collection-entity was most likely named with some Indus terminology that signified the weight-standard related to 'ratti'/'gurigi�ja' seeds. Relevantly, in Tamil, the word 'ko?' means "horsegram", and "a small measure of weight used in ancient times" (Tamil Lexicon). Now, another Dravidian word for 'horsegram' is 'k??am', whereas 'k??am' also signified 'an ancient weight' and 'gold' (. Thus, the fact that the word 'ko?' for 'hosegram', an important grain seed used in south India, is synonymous with an ancient weight, is not a coincidence. Now, "k?l-ni?ai-k?li" meant "a tax on articles measured by weight", and "ko?-vari" meant "a tax in kind;represented certain revenue collecting personnel in Babylonian and Assyrian contexts,0415
2. Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics;Ansumali Mukhopadhyay;Humanities and Social Sciences Communications,2021