1. Cost and Fee Allocation in Civil Procedure in Korea, 58;Gyooho Lee;Am. J. Comp. L,2010
2. FIEA") loosened the burden of proof for plaintiffs by eliminating the need to prove individual reliance. Effectively, this amounted to at least a partial adoption of the U.S.'s "fraud on the market" doctrine. See Gen Goto;Craig I Celriker;Growing Securities Litigation Against Issuers in Japan: Its Background and Reality,2000
3. The New Class Action in Japan, 23 Pac. Rim. L & Pol'y;Michael J Maderra;J,2014
4. Investors can instead sue either in the form of an individual action or a joint action. Id. at 763. Earlier authors have referred to these permissible "joint" actions as class actions because they represent a close equivalent to the "opt-in" class action. See Benjamin L. Liebman, Class Action Litigation in China;See Robin Hui Huang;Private Enforcement of Securities Law in China: A Ten-Year Retrospective and Empirical Assessment,1998