1. Regarding the first Estates General in 1302, Stasavage (2020) comments: "by all accounts it was royal propaganda" (p. 131); he notes that King Philip IV's ("the Fair"; r. 1285-1314) letters of convocation made reference to quod omnes tangit, ab omnibus tractari et approbari debet ("that which touches all should be approved by all"), a rediscovered principle from Roman law. However, Philip conveniently substituted deliberare (deliberated) for approbare (approved): "In other words, this was to be an assembly where there would be deliberation but the question of approval was seemingly off the table;Capetian assemblies of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Myers,1975
2. 24) to this extent. The substitution of deliberate (to consider and discuss) for approve was subtle but, from Philip's perspective, important. Post (1943) provides a comprehensive discussion of the rediscovery of plena potestas in medieval Europe;Stasavage cites the work of Decoster,2002
3. Talking heads: assemblies in early medieval Germany;S Airlie;Political Assemblies in the Earlier Middle Ages,2003