1. the right to nationalize and expropriate property in the public interest-as a manifestation of the State's sovereignty-exists regardless of whether the property is contractual or non-contractual in nature;Damages in International Investment Law, British Inst of Int'l and Comparative Law,2008
2. A number of similar arbitrations were triggered by the rapid rise in oil prices following 2005; see Manuel A. Abdala & Pablo T. Spiller, Chorzow's Standard Rejuvenated: Assessing Damages in Investment Treaty Arbitrations, 25;Occidental V See;J. of International Arbitration,2008
3. observe any obligation it may have entered to"; "constantly guarantee the observance of the commitments it has entered into"; "observe any obligation it has assumed", and other formulations, in respect to investments. These provisions are commonly called "umbrella clauses;about 40% of the 2500 BITs had some form of umbrella clause. Katia Yannaca-Small, Interpretation of the Umbrella Clause in Investment Agreements, OECD Working Papers on International Investment,2004